A systematic investigation of the transfer of polyphosphate/inorganic silicate flame retardants from epoxy resins to layered glass fiber-reinforced composites and their post-furnace flexural properties

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Sunder, Sruthi ; Jauregui Rozo, Maria ; Inasu, Sneha ; Schartel, Bernhard ; Ruckdäschel, Holger:
A systematic investigation of the transfer of polyphosphate/inorganic silicate flame retardants from epoxy resins to layered glass fiber-reinforced composites and their post-furnace flexural properties.
In: Polymer Composites. Bd. 45 (2024) Heft 10 . - S. 9389-9406.
ISSN 1548-0569
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28416

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Abstract

Abstract The systematic transfer of solvent-free, additive flame retardant (FR) formulations from epoxy resins to glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites (GFRECs) through prepregs is difficult. Additionally, obtaining data on their post-fire mechanics is often challenging. Utilizing melamine polyphosphate (MPP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and silane-coated ammonium polyphosphate (SiAPP) FRs with low-melting inorganic silicates (InSi) in an 8:2 proportion and 10% loading by weight in a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) resin, a systematic investigation of the processing properties, room-temperature mechanics, and temperature-based mechanics of the systems was performed. The resin was cured with a dicyandiamide hardener (DICY) and a urone accelerator. The results revealed no substantial impact of these FRs at the current loading on the resin's glass transition temperature or processability. However, the fire residues from cone calorimetry tests of the composites containing FRs were found to be only 15-20% of the thickness of the resins, implying a suppression of intumescence upon transfer. At room temperature, the decrease in the flexural modulus for the composites containing FRs was negligible. Exposure of the composites in a furnace at 400°C as a preliminary study before ignition tests was shown to cause significant flexural moduli reductions after 2.5 min of exposure and complete delamination after 3 min making further testing unviable. This study emphasizes the need for future research on recovering modes of action upon transfer of FR formulations from resins to composites. Based on the challenges outlined in this investigation, sample adaptation methods for post-fire analysis will be developed in a future study. Highlights Processibility of resins for prepreg production unaffected by polyphosphate/inorganic silicate flame retardants (FRs). FR formulations had a negligible effect on the mechanics of the composites. 15%–25% increase in the fracture toughness of the DGEBA-based resin matrix with FRs. Suppression of intumescent behavior in the composites verified quantitatively. Significant reduction in flexural moduli of the composites post-400°C exposure in a furnace.